PhysioguidebydivyaA

  Types of Bones Long bones:- These serve as levers for the muscle action. E.g. Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius, ulna etc.  Short bones:- their shape is usually cuboid, (like a cube) or scaphoid (boat shaped). E.g. Tarsal and carpal bones Flat bones: -These consists of parallel layer of compact bone separated by a thin layer of cancellous bone tissue E.g. scapula, skull, pelvic bone etc.  Irregular bones:- These have a peculiar and irregular shape and are unique in their appearance and function. E. g Hip bone, bones in base of skull, e. g. Sphenoid & 1st &2nd cervical vertebrae Pneumatic bones: - Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces lined by epithelium E. g. Maxilla, sphenoid, ethmoid, etc.,  Sesamoid bones:- These are bony nodules found embedded in the tendons or joint capsules.  E. g:- Patella in the tendon of quadriceps femoris, pisiform in the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris, flabella in the tendon of lateral head of gastrocnemius,riders bone etc.., 

Deep Heating Agents These agents include microwave, shortwave, ultrasound etc and they act through the electromagnetic or mechanical waves. They heat the structure 30-50mm beneath the skin surface.  Microwave : It is known to selectively heat muscles It is indicated in muscle shortening following fractures.  It is contraindicated if there is an implanted metal or if the patient has a cardiac pacemaker.  Shortwave :- These waves though called short, have a greater wave length than the microwaves.  It heats the subcutaneous tissue more effectively than the superficial heat modalities.  It is indicated in post fracture contractures and subcutaneous adhesions.  It is contraindicated if there is an implanted metal or if the patient has a cardiac pacemaker. Ultrasound :- Ultrasound waves are mechanical unlike short wave and microwave.  Ultrasonic wave are not faster than sound but have a great frequency.  It heats the bone muscle junction effectively.  It is indicated in post- fracture muscl

          Limb Length Measurements Measurement should be taken for two purposes.  To know the limb length    For this measurement is taken with a take between two fixed body points and is always compared with the normal.  Upper limbs : Arm length from the angle of acromion to the lateral epicondyle of humerus Forearm length From the lateral epicondyle of humerus to the radial styloid process.  Lower limbs: Thigh length from anterior superior iliac spine to the medial knee joint line.  Leg length from the medial knee joint line to the medial malleolus.  Entire lower limb length is measured from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus To know the girth of the limb : To detect wasting of muscles, the circumference of the limb is measured at fixed points on both sides, eg. 18 CM above joint line in the thigh