AIDS, caused by, clinical features, drug brief view


 Caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), which destroys a subgroup of lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting in suppression of the immune system. The virus enters the host cell and causes a mutation of its DNA so that the host cell becomes an infective agent(known as the provirus). 

Signs and symptoms-- include fever, malaise, painful throat, swollen lymph nodes and aching muscles in the initial period following infection. After a variable period of latency(1-15 years) weight loss, Night sweats, longlasting fever and diarrhoea occur as AIDS itself develops, which eventually progresses to the acquisition of major opportunistic infections and cancers such as pneumonia or kaposi's sarcoma (a malignant skin tumour appearing as purple to dark brown plaques) . 

Antiretroviral drugs are used to prolong the lives of infected individuals although there is no cure or vaccine for the disease. 

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Head injuries,symptoms, causes, pathology, types, examination, treatment, physio

 It is the insult to the brain caused by external physical force leading to altered conscious levels, cognitive problems as well as motor & sensory deficits.  Commonly called traumatic brain injuries.  Head injuries have increased due to increased traffic and decreased traffic sense. Most of the cases are proved to be fatal death.  Incidence:-  High Head injuries from road traffic accidents are most common in young males.  RTA's although constituting only about 25% of all patients with head injury, are the cause of more severe injuries.  RTA's contribute to 60%of deaths from head injury, of these half die before reaching hospital.  Causes of head injuries:- Road traffic accidents (RTA's)  Gunshot Riots  Blow or hit on the head Fall from heights.  Pathology:- Primary brain damage - Occuring at impact Secondary brain damage - Occuring due to ongoing neuronal damage, haematoma, brain swelling, Ischaemia Or infection.  Types of head injuries:-  Focal & diffuse Open &
Read more

Humidification, types, methods, supplies, indications.

Image
 Air is moistened because it is passed through the water vapour, Patient is asked to inspire the air by face mask or by the mouth piece.  • Normally air passing through nose& pharynx is continuously moistening the respiratory mucous, if this is inefficient cilial action is impaired & secretions are viscid so need of humidifier to loosen viscid & thick secretions.  • Humidification is moistening of air & gases, this is normal function of upper respiratory tract if this is inefficient then artificial humidifier is required Indications - 1) Patient with tracheostomy/ endotracheal tube   2) patient with oxygen mask       3) when thick secretions Choice of humidifier Ultrasonic type - patient with dry gas Disposal type - patient with respiratory failure like in chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema  Method Humidification given by wide boring tube,,,,, short period given before chest clearance done for patient who is not intubated but breathe freely. It is nebulizer method-
Read more

Muscular dystrophy, types, pathophysiology, symptoms, investigation, physiotherapy management

 Muscular dystrophy is a group of rare hereditary progressive disease in which muscle fibers are usually susceptible to damage.  Muscular dystrophies are genetically determined myopathies in which progressive degeneration & wasting of muscles occur.  Dystrophies can be of 3 types  Congenital muscular dystrophy Genetic muscular dystrophy Metabolic muscular dystrophy Epidemiology :- Commonly seen in males.  Pathophysiology :- Deficiency of dystrophin protein (due to defect in the XP21 gene which codes dystrophin)  Loss of properties of skeletal muscle cells membrane ( Dystrophin is essential to maintain the properties of skeletal muscle cells membrane)  Cell break down Release of all contents of cell into the serum Death of cell i.e necrosis of muscle cells Fatigue, weak & dystrophin muscles Elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase levels.  Classification :- based on inheritance & clinical picture X-linked recessive - Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker Muscular dystrophy.  Au
Read more