Common Diagnostic test and procedures

Akaline phosphatase (ALP) test:

The level of alkaline phosphatase in serum is measured.Elevated levels may indicate bone disease.

Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)

Blood sample is tested for antinuclear antibodies using an indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test. If the IFA test is positive, the IFA pattern is reported and the serum titered. Positive results can be indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, Sjogren syndrome, or Raynaud disease.

Athrography:-

Radiopaque contrast medium is injected into a joint such as the knee, and x-rays are taken to determine and structural abnormalities.

Arthroscopy:-

A  joint is visually examined by inserting an arthroscope through a small incision. Can be used. to differentiate acute or chronic disorders, assess damage, obtain tissue for biopsy

Bone marrow aspiration:-

A needle is inserted into a bone cavity and bone marrow is extracted (aspirated for microscopic examination. The most common biopsy site is the superior iliac crest of the pelvic bone. This biopsy can be useful in evaluating various malignancies, blood disorders and infectious

Biopsy of muscle tissue:-

 Sample of muscle tissue is taken, usually surgically, and examined microscopically.

Blood test:-

Blood sample is tested for elevated levels of certain types of proteins and antibodies, which can suggest inflammation or autoimmune processes.

Calcium test, serum:-

The level of calcium in serum is measured. Above normal levels may be indicative of certain types of cancers. Below normal levels may indicate depletion of bone mineral content, which can lead to osetoporosis and pathologic fractures.

Creatine kinase (CK) 

The level of CK enzyme in serum is measured. Elevated levels may indicate cardiac or skeletal muscle damage.

Bone scan

A bone-seeking radioactive tracer is injected into the body. A scanner is used to generate an image of the bones. Abnormal areas typically appear lighter or darker than normal areas. This test is used to detect lesions, fractures and malignancies. Many disorders can be detected by this procedure but not differentiated.

CT (computed tomography)

of a structure in the musculoskeletal system A computer-generated reconstruction of a specific area is created from a series of x-ray images taken as cross- sectional views of that area. These images (CT scans) are particularly useful in identifying tumors and lesions
within bone.

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA):-

X-ray technique used to determine the density of any bone with minimal radiation. Used to screen for osteoporosis in high-risk individuals. Also called dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Electromyography (EMG)

Needle electrodes are inserted into muscle tissue. An oscilloscope records the electrical activity from the muscle. Used to test for muscle disorders and injury. Can be helpful in differentiating between muscle and nerve problems.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR):-

The Distance (in mm) that red blood cells settle in a test tube after exactly 1 hour is measured. Elevated values are associated with inflammatory conditions (e.g., polymyalgia rheumatica), collagen diseases (e.g., SLE), infections, tumors, anemia and other disorders that alter plasma proteins.

Lactic acid dehydrogenase (ID)

The level of lactic acid dehydrogenase in serum is measured.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging):-

of a structure in the musculoskeletal system MRI uses magnetic energy and radio frequencies to
stimulate body cells to emit radio signals that are converted to images. Because MRI shows soft tissue better than hard tissue such as bone, this method is primarily used to identify abnormalities (tumors, lesions, inflammation, injury) of the muscles and other soft tissues.

Radiography of a musculoskeletal structure:-

X-rays are taken of a particular body part to identify structural abnormalities, joint erosion, tumors, fractures, etc.

Rheumatoid factor (RF):-

Serum is tested for the presence of the antibodies referred to as rheumatoid factors. These antibodies are present in many individuals with rheumatoid arthritis

Synovial fluid examination

A needle is used to aspirate synovial fluid from a joint (a procedure called arthrocentesis). The fluid is viewed with the naked eye for viscosity, color and clarity. Laboratory examination is performed to determine pH, glucose level, white blood count (WBC) and polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte percentage. Microscopic examination can determine presence of crystals. A culture can be performed to determine presence of bacteria. Various results can indicate noninfammatory, inflammatory, septie or hemorrhagic disorders.

Uric acid test:-

Blood sample is examined microscopically to determine the uric acid level. Elevated level is indicative of gout.

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