- Axis or 2nd cervical vertebra may get fractured.
- If dens of axis gets separated from the body(as in hanging), it hits the vital centres in the medulla oblongata causing instantaneous death
- Even fracture of laminae may cause death.
Muscular dystrophy, types, pathophysiology, symptoms, investigation, physiotherapy management
Muscular dystrophy is a group of rare hereditary progressive disease in which muscle fibers are usually susceptible to damage. Muscular dystrophies are genetically determined myopathies in which progressive degeneration & wasting of muscles occur. Dystrophies can be of 3 types Congenital muscular dystrophy Genetic muscular dystrophy Metabolic muscular dystrophy Epidemiology :- Commonly seen in males. Pathophysiology :- Deficiency of dystrophin protein (due to defect in the XP21 gene which codes dystrophin) Loss of properties of skeletal muscle cells membrane ( Dystrophin is essential to maintain the properties of skeletal muscle cells membrane) Cell break down Release of all contents of cell into the serum Death of cell i.e necrosis of muscle cells Fatigue, weak & dystrophin muscles Elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase levels. Classification :- based on inheritance & clinical picture X-linked recessive - Duchenne muscular dy...
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