PhysioguidebydivyaA

Patients present with a variety of conditions, and assessment need to be adopted to suit their needs. This section provides a basic framework for the subjective and physical musculoskeletal assessment of a patient.  Subjective Examination Body chart Location of Current symptoms Type of pain Depth, Quality, Intensity of symptoms Intermittent or Constant Abnormal sensation (e.g. pins and needles, numbness)  Relationship of symptoms Check other relevant regions Behaviour of symptoms Aggravating factors Severity Irritability Daily activities/Functional limitations 24-hour behaviour (night pain)  Stage of the Condition Special Questions Red flags Spinal cord or cauda equina symptoms Bilateral extremity numbness/pins and needles Dizziness or other symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (diplopia, drop attacks, dysarthria, dysphagia, nausea)  History of present condition Mechanism of injury History of each symptomatic area Relationship of onset of each symptomatic area C...

Biopsy of nerve tissue:-  A specimen of nerve tissue is collected and examined microscopically to establish a diagnosis. Commonly used to diagnosis malignant Cerebral angiography X-rays of the brain are taken after a radiopaque substance is injected into the cerebral circulatory system. Visualizes arterial and venous circulation in the brain. CT (computed tomography) of the brain A computer-generated reconstruction of the brain is created from a series of x-ray images taken as cross-sections of the brain. These images (CT scans) are particularly valuable in differentiating the various tissues within the brain, such as tumors and lesions. In the case of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).  Electroencephalography (EEG) The electrical potentials of the brain are recorded. Electrical changes associated with epilepsy, sleep disorders, tumors, hemorrhages, etc., can be detected. Also used to determine "brain death," which produces flat or silent EEG pattern Electromyography (EMG) ...

Facial palsy may be due to an upper or lower motor neuron lesions The causes of an upper motor neuron s may be hemorrhage, thrombosis or a tumor in the brain The lower motor neurons - the nucleus or it's fibers within the pond can be affected in acute poliomyelitis, hemorrhage or tumors but the commonest presentation however is bells palsy which is idiopathic. The patients report to the department after exposure to cold with facial palsy, thought to be due to compression at the stylomastoid foramen. The peripheral fibers, after they have left the pond, may be injured or compressed either in the bony canal, or after they have emerged on the face, due to otitis media, accidental severance at operations on the ear, wounds or fractures of the skull. Upper motor neuron palsy usually recovers due to the bilateral innervation of the facial nerve, so the majority of patients with residual facial muscle weakness are in fact LMN palsy victims. The symptoms are:- Eye can be opened but cannot ...

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)  Eye Response (1-4)  No eye opening Eye opening to pain Eye opening to verbal command Eyes open spontaneously Verbal Response (1-5)  No verbal response Incomprehensible sounds Inappropriate words Confused Orientated Motor Response (1-6)  No motor response Stereotyped extension to pain Stereotyped flexion to pain Withdrawal from pain Localizing pain Obeys commands. 

Aneurysmectomy Excision of an aneurysm clamps are placed around aneurysm. The aneurysm is opened with a scalpel A large Gore - Tex tube is placed into the aorta to re - inforce the wall of artery.  Angioplasty :-  Restoration of the integrity of a blood vessel using a stent, mechanical stripping of the vessel wall, balloon dilation within the compromised area of the vessel, and/or injection of fibrinolytic drugs such as tissue plasminogen activators (tPA) or thrombolytic enzymes. Atherectomy :- Removal of an atheroma (lipid deposit) from an artery. Can be accomplished by surgery or by catheterization. Endarterectomy :- Excision of atheromas in which the innermost layer of the artery is removed. Sometimes a tubular graft or patch is inserted to restore the integrity of the artery. Atriotomy :- Formation of an opening into an atrium. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) :- The use of artificial respiration and techniques such as closed chest compressions in an attempt to restore ...

Acalculia - inability to calculate Agnosia  - inability to interpret sensations such as sounds (auditory agnosia), three- dimensional objects by touch (tactile agnosia) or symbols and letters(visual agnosia). Agraphia - inability to write Akinesia - loss of movement Alexia - inability to read Amnesia - total or partial loss of memory Amusia - impaired recognition of music Anomia - inability to name objects  Anosmia - loss of ability to smell Anosognosia - denial of ownership or the existence of a hemiplegic limb Aphasia - inability to generate and understand language whether verbal or written  Astereognosis - inability to recognize objects by touch alone, despite intact sensation  Ataxia - shaky and uncoordinated voluntary movements that may be associated with cerebellar or posterior column disease Athetosis - involuntary writhing movements affecting face, tongue and hands  Bradykinesia - slowness of movement

  Biceps brachii   Origin :- long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and glenoid labrum; Short head - apex of coracoid process Insertion :- posterior part of radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia over common flexor origin.  Nerve :- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)  Action :- flexes shoulder and elbow, supinates forearm Brachialis   Origin :- Lower half of anterior surface of humerus, intermuscular septum Insertion :- coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna Nerve :- musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6), radial nerve (C7)  Action :- flexes elbow Brachioradialis Origin :- Upper two-thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, lateral intermuscular septum Insertion :- lateral side of radius above styloid process Nerve :- radial nerve (C5, C6)  Action :- Flexes elbow Pronators teres  Origin :- Humeral head - Medial epicondyle Via common flexor Tendon, intermuscular septum, antebrachial fascia; ulnar head - medial part of Corono...