Fracture Definition, Types, Pattern, Atypical Fracture.

Fracture is a break in the surface of a bone, either across its cortex or through its articular surface.
Dislocation is a complete and persistent displacement of a joint in which at least part of the supporting joint capsule and some of its ligaments are disrupted.
Subluxation is a partial dislocation of a joint.
Sprain is the temporary subluxation of a joint and the articular surfaces return to normal alignment.
Strain is a tear in the muscle.
This bone can break within its soft tissue envelope and may not communicate to the exterior (simple or closed fracture), exposing the bone to the external atmosphere (compound or open fracture)

Types of fracture:-
  • Simple or compound these have been already explained.
  • Based on the extent of fracture line                                                                                              Incomplete fractures - it involves only one surface or cortex of the bone.                          Complete fracture - here the fracture involves the entire bone. A complete fracture could be un displaced or displaced.
  • Based on fracture patterns
    --Linear fractures These could be transverse, oblique, or spiral. Any fracture which forms an angle  less than 30 degrees with the horizontal line is called transverse. Angle equal to or more than 30 degrees is termed oblique.

   --Comminuted fractures Here the fracture fragment are more than two in number. They are further sub classified into <50 % comminution or more than 50% comminution. Butterfly-shaped fracture are also included in this group.

     --Segmental fractures A fracture can break into segments and the segment could be two levels, three levels, and a longitudinal split or comminuted.

      --Bone loss This could be a less than 50 % bone loss or more than 50 % bone loss or a complete  bone loss.

Atypical Fractures:-
  • Greenstick fracture It is seen exclusively in children. Here the bone is elastic and usually bends due to buckling or breaking of one cortex when a force is applied. This is called a greenstick fracture. 
  • Impacted fractures Here the fracture fragments are impacted in to each other and are not separated and displaced.
  • Stress or fatigue fracture It is usually an incomplete fracture commonly seen in athletes and in bones subjected to chronic and repetitive stress (eg., third metatarsal fracture, fracture tibia, etc.,)
  • Pathological fracture It occurs in a diseased bone and is usually spontaneous. This force required to bring about a pathological fracture is trivial.
  • Hairline or crack fracture It is a very fine break in the bone which is difficult to diagnose clinically. Radiology usually helps.
  • Torus fracture This is just a buckling of the cortex.

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