PhysioguidebydivyaA

 The action of listening to sounds from heart, lungs or other part with stethoscope,Auscultation should be conducted in a systematic manner, comparing the same area on the left and right side while visualizing the underlying lung structures. Ideally patients should be sitting up right and be asked to breathe through the mouth to reduce nose turbulence.  Breath sounds Normal--> more prominent at the top of the lungs and centrally, with the volume decreasing towards the bases and periphery. Expiration is shorter and quieter than inspiration and follows inspiration without a pause.  Abnormal (bronchial breathing) --> Similar to the breath sounds heard when listening over the trachea. They are typically loud and harsh and can be heard throughout inspiration and expiration. Expiration is longer than inspiration and there is a pause between the two. They occur if air is replaced by solid tissue, which transmits sound more clearly. Caused by consolidation, areas of collapse with adjacen

 The World Health Organization's International Classification of Impairments, Disability and Handicap(ICIDH 1980) defines these terms as follows: Impairment: Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function, for example the loss of a finger, loss of conduction of impulses in the heart, or loss of certain chemicals in the brain leading to Parkinsonism. Not all impairment lead to disability; for example the loss of the pinna of the ear, an impairment, would not lead to loss of hearing but merely a cosmetic deficiency.  Disability:  Any restriction or loss of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered normal for a human being resulting from impairment, example : difficulty in walking after lower limb amputation. It must be noted here that strenuous or rarely indulged in feats like rock climbing or wind surfing are not included in activities to be considered for disability. To be considered disabled a person

  Caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV), which destroys a subgroup of lymphocytes and monocytes, resulting in suppression of the immune system. The virus enters the host cell and causes a mutation of its DNA so that the host cell becomes an infective agent(known as the provirus).  Signs and symptoms-- include fever, malaise, painful throat, swollen lymph nodes and aching muscles in the initial period following infection. After a variable period of latency(1-15 years) weight loss, Night sweats, longlasting fever and diarrhoea occur as AIDS itself develops, which eventually progresses to the acquisition of major opportunistic infections and cancers such as pneumonia or kaposi's sarcoma (a malignant skin tumour appearing as purple to dark brown plaques) .  Antiretroviral drugs are used to prolong the lives of infected individuals although there is no cure or vaccine for the disease. 

 Use a wisp of cotton wool. With the help of patient's eye open,demonstrate what you are going to do. To test, get the patient to close their eyes, Stroke the patient's skin with cotton wool at random points,asking them to indicate every time feel the touch. Indications:- in altered touch sensation patients

Interferential current is the resultant current produced when 2 or more alternating currents are applied simultaneously at the point of intersection in a given medium, it is a form of electrical treatment in which a medium - frequency currents are used to produce low frequency effect     Basic principles:-                                                          Ift depends upon principles of interferential effect of 2 medium frequency current crossing patients tissue to produce lowest frequency effect Example:- one current is A= 4000 HZ & B circuit=3900HZ 2currents applied at crossing point beat frequency current set up Amplitude is modulated and that is 100 Hz                                       Main advantage-->effects are produced in tissues where required                                                                Principles of decrease in pain--> by gate control therapy & stimulated release of pain reducing substance ( endorphins & encephalin)            

 It is an application of molten paraffin wax bath on body parts. Melted wax needs to be maintained at a temperature of 40°-44°c for treatment purposes, to lower down its melting point some impurities are added like liquid paraffin (or) mineral oil, mode of transmission of heat from paraffin to patient skin is by means of conduction, as wax solidifies from its molten state it releases it energy of latent heat& this heat energy is conducted into tissues.  Parts of paraffin wax:- stainless steel container, mains, thermostat, thermostat pilot lamp, power pilot lamp, lid, caster.  Container:- contains wax & paraffin oil Mains:- function is to switch on (or) off  Thermostat:- keeps temperature fixed (or) static adjusted by knob Thermostat pilot lamp :- indicates whether thermostat is on (or) off Power pilot lamp:- function is to show whether power is on (or)  Lid:- covers container Caster:- allows wax bath container to be moved from one place to another Method of application:- part

 hot   packs are the packs which are immersed in a apparatus called hydrocollator, they provide superficial moist heat to the part where applied Or externally to an injured body part to relieve inflammation or directly on exposed area that needs treatment Procedure:-  They are stored in a thermostatically controlled water bath inside the equipment, they contain the substance which absorb heat like silica or gel, temperature inside the hydrocollator ranges between 65-80°c, Aim of hydrocollator pack is to rise the body temperature at 45-45°c, hydrocollator pack are available in various sizes & shapes it is chosen on the basis of area treated, Packs are taken out of apparatus by means of tongs and wrapped inside a towel 6-8 layers of towel is made around pack, total treatment time is around 8-10 minutes.  Indications :- pain, muscle spasm, bursitis, inflammatory conditions, adhesions.  Contraindications :-  Impaired skin sensation, open wounds, recent hemorrhage, skin allergy, impaire

 Air is moistened because it is passed through the water vapour, Patient is asked to inspire the air by face mask or by the mouth piece.  • Normally air passing through nose& pharynx is continuously moistening the respiratory mucous, if this is inefficient cilial action is impaired & secretions are viscid so need of humidifier to loosen viscid & thick secretions.  • Humidification is moistening of air & gases, this is normal function of upper respiratory tract if this is inefficient then artificial humidifier is required Indications - 1) Patient with tracheostomy/ endotracheal tube   2) patient with oxygen mask       3) when thick secretions Choice of humidifier Ultrasonic type - patient with dry gas Disposal type - patient with respiratory failure like in chronic bronchitis, asthma, emphysema  Method Humidification given by wide boring tube,,,,, short period given before chest clearance done for patient who is not intubated but breathe freely. It is nebulizer method-

 Cerebral palsy an umbrella term(covers a variety of posture and movement disorders) arising from permanent brain damage incurred(Attack) before, diring Or immediately after birth •    This disorder is most frequently associated           with  premature birth and often complicated          by other neurological problem including  epilepy , visual, hearing & sensory impairment, communication & feeding difficulties, cognitive & behavioural problem             •    Causes intrauterine infection                                              intrauterine cerebrovascular insult                            - birth asphyxia(unable to breath)                                     post natal meningitis                                                       - post natal cerebrovascular insult               Common disability is spastic paralysis associated with choreoarthetosis ( irregular, repetitive, writhing, jerky movements)