PhysioguidebydivyaA

Patients present with a variety of conditions, and assessment need to be adopted to suit their needs. This section provides a basic framework for the subjective and physical musculoskeletal assessment of a patient.  Subjective Examination Body chart Location of Current symptoms Type of pain Depth, Quality, Intensity of symptoms Intermittent or Constant Abnormal sensation (e.g. pins and needles, numbness)  Relationship of symptoms Check other relevant regions Behaviour of symptoms Aggravating factors Severity Irritability Daily activities/Functional limitations 24-hour behaviour (night pain)  Stage of the Condition Special Questions Red flags Spinal cord or cauda equina symptoms Bilateral extremity numbness/pins and needles Dizziness or other symptoms of vertebrobasilar insufficiency (diplopia, drop attacks, dysarthria, dysphagia, nausea)  History of present condition Mechanism of injury History of each symptomatic area Relationship of onset of each symptomatic area Change of each sympt

Biopsy of nerve tissue:-  A specimen of nerve tissue is collected and examined microscopically to establish a diagnosis. Commonly used to diagnosis malignant Cerebral angiography X-rays of the brain are taken after a radiopaque substance is injected into the cerebral circulatory system. Visualizes arterial and venous circulation in the brain. CT (computed tomography) of the brain A computer-generated reconstruction of the brain is created from a series of x-ray images taken as cross-sections of the brain. These images (CT scans) are particularly valuable in differentiating the various tissues within the brain, such as tumors and lesions. In the case of a cerebrovascular accident (CVA).  Electroencephalography (EEG) The electrical potentials of the brain are recorded. Electrical changes associated with epilepsy, sleep disorders, tumors, hemorrhages, etc., can be detected. Also used to determine "brain death," which produces flat or silent EEG pattern Electromyography (EMG)  El

Facial palsy may be due to an upper or lower motor neuron lesions The causes of an upper motor neuron s may be hemorrhage, thrombosis or a tumor in the brain The lower motor neurons - the nucleus or it's fibers within the pond can be affected in acute poliomyelitis, hemorrhage or tumors but the commonest presentation however is bells palsy which is idiopathic. The patients report to the department after exposure to cold with facial palsy, thought to be due to compression at the stylomastoid foramen. The peripheral fibers, after they have left the pond, may be injured or compressed either in the bony canal, or after they have emerged on the face, due to otitis media, accidental severance at operations on the ear, wounds or fractures of the skull. Upper motor neuron palsy usually recovers due to the bilateral innervation of the facial nerve, so the majority of patients with residual facial muscle weakness are in fact LMN palsy victims. The symptoms are:- Eye can be opened but cannot

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)  Eye Response (1-4)  No eye opening Eye opening to pain Eye opening to verbal command Eyes open spontaneously Verbal Response (1-5)  No verbal response Incomprehensible sounds Inappropriate words Confused Orientated Motor Response (1-6)  No motor response Stereotyped extension to pain Stereotyped flexion to pain Withdrawal from pain Localizing pain Obeys commands. 

Aneurysmectomy Excision of an aneurysm clamps are placed around aneurysm. The aneurysm is opened with a scalpel A large Gore - Tex tube is placed into the aorta to re - inforce the wall of artery.  Angioplasty :-  Restoration of the integrity of a blood vessel using a stent, mechanical stripping of the vessel wall, balloon dilation within the compromised area of the vessel, and/or injection of fibrinolytic drugs such as tissue plasminogen activators (tPA) or thrombolytic enzymes. Atherectomy :- Removal of an atheroma (lipid deposit) from an artery. Can be accomplished by surgery or by catheterization. Endarterectomy :- Excision of atheromas in which the innermost layer of the artery is removed. Sometimes a tubular graft or patch is inserted to restore the integrity of the artery. Atriotomy :- Formation of an opening into an atrium. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) :- The use of artificial respiration and techniques such as closed chest compressions in an attempt to restore normal br

Acalculia - inability to calculate Agnosia  - inability to interpret sensations such as sounds (auditory agnosia), three- dimensional objects by touch (tactile agnosia) or symbols and letters(visual agnosia). Agraphia - inability to write Akinesia - loss of movement Alexia - inability to read Amnesia - total or partial loss of memory Amusia - impaired recognition of music Anomia - inability to name objects  Anosmia - loss of ability to smell Anosognosia - denial of ownership or the existence of a hemiplegic limb Aphasia - inability to generate and understand language whether verbal or written  Astereognosis - inability to recognize objects by touch alone, despite intact sensation  Ataxia - shaky and uncoordinated voluntary movements that may be associated with cerebellar or posterior column disease Athetosis - involuntary writhing movements affecting face, tongue and hands  Bradykinesia - slowness of movement

  Biceps brachii   Origin :- long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula and glenoid labrum; Short head - apex of coracoid process Insertion :- posterior part of radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis into deep fascia over common flexor origin.  Nerve :- Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6)  Action :- flexes shoulder and elbow, supinates forearm Brachialis   Origin :- Lower half of anterior surface of humerus, intermuscular septum Insertion :- coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna Nerve :- musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6), radial nerve (C7)  Action :- flexes elbow Brachioradialis Origin :- Upper two-thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, lateral intermuscular septum Insertion :- lateral side of radius above styloid process Nerve :- radial nerve (C5, C6)  Action :- Flexes elbow Pronators teres  Origin :- Humeral head - Medial epicondyle Via common flexor Tendon, intermuscular septum, antebrachial fascia; ulnar head - medial part of Coronoid process Insertion :- middle of later

  Biceps femoris Origin :- long head - ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament; Short head - lower half of lateral lip of linear aspera, lateral supracondylar line of femur, lateral intermuscular septum Insertion :- head of fibula, lateral tibial condyle Nerve :- Sciatic nerve (L5-S2). Long head - tibial division; short head - common peroneal division.  Action :-flexes knee and extends hip, laterally rotates tibia on femur.  Gracilis Origin :- Lower half of body and inferior ramus of pubis, adjacent ischial ramus Insertion :- upper part of medial surface of tibia Nerve :- Obturator nerve (L2, L3)  Action :- Flexes knee, adducts hip, medially rotates tibia on femur.  Plantaris Origin:- Lateral supracondylar ridge, oblique popliteal ligament Insertion :- tendo calcaneus Nerve :- tibial nerve ( S1, S2)  Action :- plantar flexes ankle, flexes knee.  Popliteus Origin :- Outer surface of lateral femoral condyle Insertion :- Posterior surface of tibia above soleal line Nerve :- tibial nerv

Angiocardiography (ACG):- Visualization of the heart chambers, Coronary vessels and/ or great vessels through the use of radiography. Cardia catheterization is performed and a di opaque  contrast material is Injected so that the area of interest may be viewed Arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis: -  A measurement of the acidity and the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood. Also referred to as blood gases test.  Arteriography:- Visualization of the arteries through the use of radiography. A radiopaque contrast material is injected into one or more arteries so that they can be viewed. Cardiac catheterization (CC ):- The insertion of a catheter through a vein or artery into a chamber of the heart. This procedure is frequently Performed in preparation for angiography. Pressures within the major vessels and heart chambers can also be measured. Cardiac MRI:- The creation of magnetic resonance images of the heart and the great vessels. An MRI may allow for better visualization o

Akaline phosphatase (ALP) test: The level of alkaline phosphatase in serum is measured.Elevated levels may indicate bone disease. Antinuclear antibody test (ANA) Blood sample is tested for antinuclear antibodies using an indirect fluorescence antibody (IFA) test. If the IFA test is positive, the IFA pattern is reported and the serum titered. Positive results can be indicative of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, Sjogren syndrome, or Raynaud disease. Athrography:- Radiopaque contrast medium is injected into a joint such as the knee, and x-rays are taken to determine and structural abnormalities. Arthroscopy:- A  joint is visually examined by inserting an arthroscope through a small incision. Can be used. to differentiate acute or chronic disorders, assess damage, obtain tissue for biopsy Bone marrow aspiration:- A needle is inserted into a bone cavity and bone marrow is extracted (aspirated for microscopic examination. The most common biopsy site is the superior iliac cre